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Nasir Siddiki

Bill — Wed, 10 Mar 2010 04:58:58 +0000

Nasir Siddiki

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2008)

Nasir K. Siddiki (born 1953 in London, Ontario, Canada) is an evangelist, author, and business consultant.

1 Early life and ministry
2 Wisdom Ministries launched
- 2.1 Wisdom University
3 Motivational speaking and literary works
4 Personal and family
5 References
6 External links

Early life and ministry

Siddiki was a very wealthy marketing consultant executive at a financial services company before a life-threatening bout with shingles in 1987, at the age of thirty-four, which he testifies led to his conversion from Islam to Christianity. About his conversion to Christianity Siddiki often says: “Although I worshipped Allah, Allah was not a healing god..So there I was at 35, a dying Muslim..so all that I coud do is cry out to God…Allah never answered…then I cried out to the God of the Christians and asked Him “If you are real, please help me, and heal me!” then Jesus miraculously healed me!”

Siddiki is still a consultant and business leader. In May 1997, Siddiki graduated from Rhema Bible Training Center, founded by the son of Kenneth E. Hagin and got an honorary doctorate from the American Bible College and Seminary in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Wisdom Ministries launched

In 1998 Dr. Siddiki went into full time ministry and started a ministry called Wisdom Ministries. His desire was to “teach God’s Word all over the world and equip God’s leaders with wisdom”. Siddiki also conducts Financial Empowerment Seminars that have caused financial breakthroughs in the Church, and taken them to the next level. Dr. Siddiki is currently teaching wisdom success principles from the Word of God at the Wisdom Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He has taught at the American Bible College and Seminary, where he developed the curriculum of Biblical Economics, and received an honorary Doctorate Degree. Dr. Siddiki has been featured in Rev. Kenneth Hagin’s magazine, Word of Faith, and Rev. Kenneth Copeland’s magazine Believers Voice of Victory, and Charisma Magazine, as well as several other publications.

Wisdom University

Dr. Siddiki also started an online university called Wisdom University. In which people all over the world can receive their masters or bachelor degree online. Siddiki travels the world teaching and preaching in large conferences, churches, and meetings. Siddiki has held crusades in Africa, Asia, and Europe seeing more than 300,000 people in attendance. He also host’s an annual conference in December called “Leaders of Wisdom Conference” in which it is held in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Since September 2006, Siddiki has hosted a half-hour television program called “Winning with Wisdom” the program airs weekly on Trinity Broadcasting Network, GOD TV, Daystar and other large Christian TV Networks.

Motivational speaking and literary works

Nasir Siddiki primarily serves as a motivational speaker at conferences for Christian businessmen, and has also published two books titled Kingdom Principles of Financial Increase in which was released in 1999 and How to Prosper in any Recession which was released in 2009. Siddiki has appeared with and been endorsed by televangelists such as Kenneth Copeland, Benny Hinn, Rod Parsley, Keith Butler, Bill Winston, Paula White, Creflo Dollar, and Myles Munroe. Similar to these men, Siddiki is identified by scholars, journalists and watchdog organizations as proponents of a theology called “prosperity theology” that states that God will provide virtually unlimited blessings of health and wealth if one has faith, as in trust, in God.

Personal and family

He currently resides in Tulsa, Oklahoma with his wife Anita Siddiki and their three children Aaron, Matthew and Josiah.

References

^ Prosperity gospel primer http://www.religionlink.com/tip_060227.php

External links

Wisdom Ministries, Nasir Siddiki’s official web site

This Canadian clergy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Samuel Fraunces

Bill — Tue, 09 Mar 2010 15:58:57 +0000

Samuel Fraunces

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Portrait of Samuel Fraunces (circa 1770-85), unknown artist, Fraunces Tavern Museum, New York City.

Samuel Fraunces (1722–October 10, 1795) was the owner/operator of Fraunces Tavern in New York City. It was there, on December 4, 1783, that General George Washington said farewell to his officers at the close of the Revolutionary War. When Washington became the first President of the United States in 1789, he selected Fraunces to be the steward of his executive mansion.

1 Revolutionary War
2 Taverns
3 Portraits
- 3.1 Another portrait of Samuel Fraunces
4 Family
5 Racial Identity
6 Presidential Household
7 Death

Revolutionary War

Samuel Fraunces’ birth when calculated from his obituary in the “Gazette of the United States”, October 13, 1795, is placed at ut 1722/1723.

Samuel Fraunces are most frequently remembered because of his ownership of the Tavern where Washington gave his farewell to his officers December 4, 1783 Fraunces Tavern, New York City. While the act which forever links him to many a patriot and numerous members of the Daughter of the American Revolution and Sons of the American Revolution is his part in feeding and suporrting the 13,000 prisoners kept by the British in NYC some of whom were kept on the ships in New York harbor. One of whom was Captain Philip Freneau who wrote the poem “The British Prison Ship” and also wrote Hugh Gaines Life immortalizing Fraunces as “Black Sam”.

Jan Tuers played a part in the case of Benedict Arnold and Major John Andre also in feeding of prisoners. The information she relayed to her brother, Daniel Van Reypen about Arnold came from Samuel Fraunces.

There is a tradition that Fraunces’s daughter Elizabeth “Phoebe” saved Washington’s life during the Revolutionary War by having her father remove poison peas intended for Washington. There are multiple versions of this event and a fictional children’s book. Recollections are printed in the editors notes by Rufus Rockwell Wilson for 1798 Colonel William Heath . Jacob Corwin reports the events in his application for service pension. Jacob Corwin was the Pastor at Wading River Church in Wadng River NY and had been a witness to the execution of Thomas Hickey. The poison pea incident is then reported again by Benson John Lossing in 1870 This story was relayed to Lossing by Peter Embry who was born about 1766 and was a contemporary of Elizabeth “Phoebe” Fraunces. Elizabeth “Phoebe” Fraunces was a 10-year-old in June 1776, the time of the Hickey execution.

Also see the relevant section of the article on Thomas Hickey.

Taverns

Samuel Fraunces was affiliated as the owner or operator of The Mason’s Arms, The Queenshead Tavern, Fraunces Tavern and Vauxhall Gardens in New York City.

Portraits

There are two conflicting portraits of Samuel available to look at on line. The first portrait was owned by the Fraunces family and was in the possession of Edith Bucklin Hartshorn Mason as describe by this Daughter of the American Revolution entry. The other portrait found at Fraunces Tavern and viewed on flicker has unknown origins.

Another portrait of Samuel Fraunces

Samuel Fraunces, by unknown artist, circa 1770-1785

Family

Samuel Fraunces married Elizabeth Dalley the daughter of Hendrick Dailey and Sarah Gifford on November 30, 1757 at Trinity Church, New York. The children of Samuel and Elizabeth Dalley Fraunces named in the Will of Samuel are: Samuel, Sophia, Hannah, Andrew G., Elizabeth Thompson, Sarah Campbell and Catherine Smock. The children were all baptized or married at Trinity Church in New York City, St. Peter’s Church, Philadelphia, and Christ Church, Philadelphia.

Racial Identity

At the time of his baptism Samuel Fraunces is listed as a mulatto. Catherine Schuyler Baxter granddaughter of the god daughter of George and Martha Washington recalls Fraunces a mulatto in “A Godchild of Washington a Picture of the Past”, which can be seen at:http://books.google.com/books?id=LF4SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77&vq=mulatto&dq=Samuel+Fraunces&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0 .

His son Samuel Fraunces Jr. is always listed, enumerated and recalled as negro in church records and on census records.Samuel Fraunces Jr. was married at Trinity Church to Betsy Stevenson: http://www.trinitywallstreet.org/history/content/registers/display_detail.php?id=4373&sacr=marriage.

The 1790 United States Census for New York page 63 of the Dock Ward lists Samuel Fraunces as a free white male with four females and one enslaved individual in the household, the enslaved individual is Samuel Fraunces Jr. who was still in his father’s household and was unmarried.

His daughter Sophia married Abraham Gomez and in the 1840 as a widow she is enumerated as a free black. In 1840 Sophia is living next door to her sister-in-law Betsy Stevenson Fraunces and one house away from Samuel Fraunces III. All of whom are enumerated as free black.

W.E.B. Dubois, Catherine Shuyler Baxter, and others describe Samuel Fraunces as mulatto. Baxter’s reference preceded the references made at the turn of the 19th century in connection to the preservation of the Fraunces Tavern building. Fraunces Tavern was in danger of demolition. The Daughters of the American Revolution went on record with protest to the demolition. The city of New York designated the area as park. The Sons of the Revolution eventually acquired the site and rebuilt the structure we see today. Frances Tavern in 1867 can be seen at: http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=691820&imageID=804907&k=0&print=small

As the reconstruction of the tavern takes place we start to see references changing Samuel‘s ethnicity. At this same point because of the tradition that Phoebe was of color the traditions linking Phoebe to Samuel begin to be called into question. One of the first arguments against his ethnicity is from Mrs. Melusina Fay Pierce of the Women’s auxiliary of preservation of Scenic and Historic places and objects in New York City . The first argument to dismiss Phoebe is made by Henry Russell Drowne later in A Sketch of Fraunces Tavern and Those Connected with Its History (New York: Fraunces Tavern, 1919), p. 8. States if a Phoebe existed she may have been a woman enslaved or employed by Fraunces, rather than his daughter.

In recent years more arguments have been made in connection to Samuel’s racial identity. References to Samuel Fraunces as a Freemason are used to refute his racial identity as African in origins. The Mason’s at both lodges he is on record as belonging to in New York and Philadelphia are NOT among those refuting this origin. In the book “10,000 Famous Freemasons Vol II” copyrighted in 1958 by William R. Denslow, forward by Harry S. Truman, P.G.M. Fraunces is noted as “Negro and West Indian”. This book can be viewed at http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,000_famous_freemasons/Volume_2_E_to_J.htm .

Other references to the fact that Samuel Fraunces voted are used to refute his racial identity. Samuel Fraunces was a property owner he had the right to vote. Langston Hughes points out in his work that restrictions were not always placed on voting. Ironically it is Hughes who makes the argument that Fraunces voted no voter records are cited. Langston Hughes work can be seen at: http://books.google.com/books?id=pMbmbQsE6hEC&pg=PA465&lpg=PA465&dq=Samuel+Fraunces+he+voted&source=bl&ots=rhkpKft3Ew&sig=F8S8qyUNFslpZridkPWZjDwonLI&hl=en&ei=Ey3ySfz6GcXHtgfN54nBDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3

Some others have stated that Trinity Church had no African American members. Among the many records which include some with race noted at Trinity Church are records for Samuel Fraunces Jr’s marriage. Trinity Church records when compared to 1800 census records NYC are consistent with each other less than 50% of the time .

Presidential Household

On September 7, 1785 George Washington wrote to Samuel Fraunces to ask him to help him with his search for a housekeeper/household steward. Fraunces is referred to in writings to and from Washington over 20 times. Found in the index at http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-washington?specfile=/texts/english/washington/fitzpatrick/search/gw.o2w&act=surround&offset=35228884&tag=Writings+of+Washington,+Vol.+28:++To+SAMUEL+FRAUNCES+&query=Fraunces&id=gw280190 . Fraunces himself acted as steward of his executive mansion in New York City. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790, and Fraunces managed the presidential household there from 1791 to 1794. Washington’s adopted son, who was Martha’s grandson, George Washington Parke Custis, recalls Fraunces by name in his work at: http://books.google.com/books?id=DW8D_zWwKtIC&pg=PA411&vq=Fraunces&dq=Custis+Fraunces&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0. Anne Hollingsworth Wharton gives the description as Fraunces overseeing a State dinner at the Philadelphia: “Fraunces in snow-white apron, silk shorts and stockings, and hair in full powder, placed the first dish on the table, the clock being on the stroke of four, ‘the labors of Hercules’ ceased.” Available to read at: http://books.google.com/books?ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html&id=orZEAAAAIAAJ&dq=Custis+Fraunces&jtp=200

Death

At the time of his death Fraunces operated a tavern in Philadelphia. A Pennsylvania state historical marker at 2nd & Dock Streets marks the tavern’s location. Samuel’s daughter Elizabeth and her husband Atcheson Thompson lived in Philadelphia. Atcheson operated a Boardinghouse on Filbert Street.

Samuel Fraunces is buried in an unmarked grave at St. Peter’s Church, Philadelphia. Many of the informants for the recollections of his life were children at the time. His daughter Elizabeth “Phoebe” and her contemporaries were only about 10 years old. George Washington “Wash” Parke Custsis was about 9 years old.

^ Memoirs of the American War, William Heath, 1798
^ Washington and the American Republic, Benson John Lossing)) 1870
^ The Landmark of Fraunces Tavern 1901
^ Samuel Fraunces “Black Sam”, C R Cole, 2009
^ PA Historical Marker from Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
^ Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania Estate records Book 2 Page 477

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Fraunces”
Categories: 1722 births | 1795 deaths

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“Lori Bryant-Woolridge”

Bill — Sun, 07 Mar 2010 00:00:54 +0000

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Brigitte Grant

Bill — Sat, 06 Mar 2010 17:36:55 +0000

Brigitte Grant

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Brigitte (or Bridget?) Grant (pseudonym) is a British make-up artist. She claims to be a multiple abduction victim and also that she has experienced paranormal and alien events throughout her life from early childhood to the present. She is regarded in many circles as being the UK’s, if not Europe’s, “leading” Alien Abductee and it is widely believed that her abduction experiences are unparalleled. This is to be the subject of the forthcoming book The Alien Within by Nick Pope.

In 2001, at the 20th Leeds International UFO Conference organized by UFO Magazine (UK), Nick Pope introduced Briggite where she related some of her childhood experiences and described them in the context of a child’s description, later in the lecture revisiting the simple child-like explanations from a more adult perspective. Nick worked with for several years, and took her to New York to work with Budd Hopkins. He gave a joint presentation with her at the September 2001 conference organised by “UFO Magazine” editor Graham W Birdsall.

One of her early experiences allegedly involved “a little Chinese girl. “I thought has to be Chinese, oriental at lease because of her eyes.” and later “…a sort of gazebo in a field. The field shimmered around it and I thought it must have been the grass swaying in the wind. The gazebo had colored lanterns around the outside…flickering…” . We were later to find out that the little Chinese girl was probably one of the stereotypical “Greys” and the gazebo was most likely an alien craft.

Brigitte also related more current abduction events, some of which supposedly occurred when she was living in the USA. Nick introduced her to Budd Hopkins, a renowned expert of the abduction phenomenon in the USA, to try to bring clarity to Brigite’s deep conscious memories through the use of regression techniques.

In Nick Pope’s Weird World article he states that “I gave a presentation with Brigitte Grant, an abductee who I’ve been working with for several years. Brigitte gave an overview of the various strange experiences that she’s had, focusing on a few specific UFO and abduction experiences. For an audience more used to hearing from the abduction researchers, it was refreshing to hear about experiences first hand, from an abductee, and aside from being fascinated by her story, the audience very much appreciated Brigitte’s courage for speaking out about her encounters in so public a forum. The Sunday speakers were equally impressive.”

Nick Pope is currently working with Brigitte Grant on a book – The Alien Within – about her extraordinary UFO and abduction experiences, which are unparalleled in the literature. She is also the founder member of the South West Witness Support Group.

References

^ Pope, Nick (2003-01-11). “Daily Mail Article On Alien Abductions”. VirtuallyStrange.net UFO UpDates (via Internet Archive). http://web.archive.org/web/20070502134958/http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2003/jan/m11-013.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ Pope, Nick (2001-10-02). “Nick Pope’s Weird World October 2001″. VirtuallyStrange.net UFO UpDates (via Internet Archive). http://web.archive.org/web/20041014070623/http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2001/oct/m02-021.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ Pope, Nick. “Operation Lightning Strike – Interview”. . http://www.nickpope.net/operation_lightning_strike_inter.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
^ http://www.nickpope.net/operation_lightning_strike_inter.htm

External links

Daily Mail newspaper article mentioning Grant
Nick Popes announcement of the article

Backup software

Bill — Sat, 06 Mar 2010 15:36:56 +0000

Backup software

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Backup software is a computer program used to perform a complete backup of a file, data, database, system or server. The backup software enables a user to make an exact duplicate of everything contained on the original source. This software must also be used to perform a recovery of the data or system in the event of a disaster.

1 Key features
- 1.1 Volumes
- 1.2 Data compression
- 1.3 Remote backup
- 1.4 Access to open files
- 1.5 Incremental backups
- 1.6 Schedules
- 1.7 Encryption
- 1.8 Transaction mechanism
2 See also
3 References

Key features

There are several features of backup software that make it more effective in backing up data.

Volumes

Main article: Volume (compression)

Voluming allows the ability to compress and split backup data into separate parts for storage on smaller, removable media such as CDs. It was often used because CDs were easy to transport off-site and inexpensive compared to hard drives or servers.

However, the recent increase in hard drive capacity and decrease in drive cost has made voluming a far less popular solution. The introduction of small, portable, durable USB drives, and the increase in broadband capacity has provided easier and more secure methods of transporting backup data off-site.

Data compression

Main article: Data compression

Since hard drive space has cost, compressing the data will reduce the size allowing for less drive space to be used to save money.

Remote backup

Main article: Remote backup

Several factors have contributed to a surge in the use of remote or offsite backup of data to geographically distant sites.

The rapid growth of data and its importance to business.
The rapid adoption of high-speed broadband internet.
The falling price of disk drive technology.
The rise of risks such as hackers, hurricanes, viruses, hardware failure.

These structural changes present opportunities for young startups, which are serving this growing market with next-generation backup technologies that automatically back up data to offsite data centers (sometimes called vaults) via the Internet. Many banks, stock exchanges, and other large institutions often do this to ensure data integrity.

Access to open files

Main article: File locking

Many backup solutions offer a plug-in for access to exclusive, in use, and locked files.

Incremental backups

Main article: Backup rotation scheme

Backup solutions generally support incremental backups in addition to full backups, so only material that is newer or changed compared to the backed up data is actually backed up, in order to dramatically increase the speed of the backup process.

Schedules

Main article: Job scheduler

Backup schedules are usually supported to reduce maintenance of the backup tool and increase the reliability of the backups.

Encryption

Main article: Encryption

To prevent data theft, some backup software offers cryptography features to protect the backup.

Transaction mechanism

Main article: Database_management_system#Transaction_mechanism

To prevent loss of previously backed up data during a backup, some backup software (e.g. Areca Backup) offer Transaction mechanism (with commit / rollback management) for all critical processes (such as backups or merges) to guarantee the backups’ integrity.

References

This article related to a type of software is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup_software”
Categories: Backup software | Software type stubs

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Ramón Sala

Bill — Sat, 06 Mar 2010 06:28:59 +0000

Ramón Sala

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Medal record
Ramón Sala
Men’s Field Hockey
Competitor for Spain
Olympic Games
Silver	1996 Atlanta	Team Competition
World Cup
Silver	1998 Utrecht	Team Competition

Ramón Sala Vallmonrat (born August 8, 1971 in Terrassa, Catalonia) is a former field hockey defender from Spain, who won the silver medal with the Men’s National Team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.

References

Spanish Olympic Committee

Ramón Sala – International Tournaments

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Spain squad - 1996 Summer Olympics

1 Jufresa · 2 Barrena · 3 Malgosa · 4 J. Arnau · 5 García-Mauriño · 6 Amat · 7 Escarré · 8 Pujol · 9 Cobos · 10 X. Escudé · 11 X. Arnau · 12 Sala · 13 Dinarés · 14 Amat · 15 Usoz · 16 González · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 1997 World Cup Qualifying Tournament

1 Jufresa · 2 Casas · 3 Malgosa · 4 J. Arnau · 5 de Dios · 6 Amat · 7 Escarré · 8 Pujol · 9 Sánchez · 10 Ventallo · 11 X. Arnau · 12 Sala · 13 Fabregas · 14 Amat · 15 Usoz · 16 González · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 1998 FIH World Cup

1 Jufresa · 2 Ribas · 3 Malgosa · 4 J. Amat · 5 Fabregas · 6 J. Arnau · 7 Escarré · 8 Pujol · 9 P. Amat · 10 Casas · 11 X. Arnau · 12 Sala · 13 Dinares · 14 Sánchez · 15 Usoz · 10 Gómez · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 2000 Olympic Qualifying Tournament

1 Jufresa · 2 Ribas · 3 Malgosa · 4 J. Amat · 5 Fábregas · 9 P. Amat · 10 Casas · 11 Arnau · 12 R. Sala · 13 Dinarés · 14 Sánchez · 15 Usoz · 16 Herrera · 18 Garza · 19 Tubau · 23 Quintana · 24 Codina · 26 A. Sala · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 2000 Champions Trophy

1 Jufresa · 2 Ribas · 3 Malgosa · 4 J. Amat · 5 Fábregas · 6 Moreno · 7 P. Amat · 8 Casas · 9 Arnau · 10 Sala · 11 Dinarés · 12 Sánchez · 13 Usoz · 14 Herrera · 15 Garza · 16 Tubau · 17 Freixa · 18 Sala · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 2000 Summer Olympics

1 Jufresa · 2 Herrera · 3 Malgosa · 4 J. Amat · 5 Fábregas · 7 Escarré · 8 Casas · 9 P. Amat · 10 Tubau · 11 Arnau · 12 Sala · 13 Dinarés · 14 Sánchez · 15 Usoz · 16 Ribas · 18 Garza · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 2001 World Cup Qualifying Tournament

1 Herrera · 2 Freixa · 3 Moreno · 4 Quintana · 5 Fábregas · 7 Escarré · 8 Casas · 9 Amat · 10 Tubau · 11 Arnau · 12 Sala · 14 Sánchez · 16 Ribas · 18 Garza · 21 Perez · 22 Bruses · Coach: Forrellat

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Spain squad - 2002 FIH World Cup

1 Herrera · 4 Quintana · 5 Fábregas · 7 Escarré · 8 Casas · 9 Amat · 10 Tubau · 11 Arnau · 12 Sala · 13 Alegre · 14 Sánchez · 15 Sojo · 16 Ribas · 17 Sala · 18 Garza · 19 Aguilar · 21 Perez · 22 Bruses · Coach: Forrellat

This biographical article relating to a Spanish field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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This article about a Spanish Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Gentry (China)

Bill — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 11:34:59 +0000

Gentry (China)

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The art of gentleman scholars tended to idealize retreat into the beauties of nature and contemplation, an idea parallel to the travel literature of Su Shi and Yuan Hongdao; painting by Song Dynasty artist Ma Yuan, c. 1200–1230.

In imperial China, gentry were the class of landowners who were retired mandarins or their descendants. Their power and influence eclipsed that of the Chinese nobility during the Sui and Tang dynasties when the civil service exam replaced the nine-rank system which favored nobles.

Under the Confucian class system (the four occupations) the scholar-official was at the top with farmers, artisans, and merchants below them in descending order. Since the next highest class was agricultural, scholar-officials retired to landed estates. They did not work the land themselves but hired peasants as tenant farmers. In this period of Chinese history, peasants were actually of a higher class than the merchants. The sons of these mandarins aspired to pass the imperial exams and continue the family legacy. Members of the gentry were expected to be an example to their community as Confucian gentlemen.

By late imperial China, sons of merchants used their money to buy an education and enter the civil service. Also, financially desperate gentry married into merchant families which led to a breakdown of the old class structure. With the abolition of the exam system and the overthrow of the Qing dynasty came the end of the mandarins.

19th century Ancestors gallery

Now known simply as landowners, they were criticized for demanding and collecting high rent from their tenants during the republican period. Many organized violent gangs to enforce their rule. They were frequent targets of the communists who were able to rally much of the peasant population through their promises of agrarian reform and land redistribution. After the People’s Republic of China was established, many landlords were executed by class struggle trials and the class as a whole was abolished. Former members were stigmatized and faced persecution which reached its heights during the Cultural Revolution. This persecution ended with the advent of Chinese economic reform under Deng Xiaoping.

Excerpts from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica:

The only class which at all resembles the territorial magnates of other countries is the class of retired officials. The wealth of an official is not infrequently invested in land, and consequently there are in most provinces several families with a country seat and the usual insignia of local rank and influence. On the decease of the heads or founders of such families it is considered dignified for the sons to live together, sharing the rents and profits in common. This is sometimes continued for several generations, until the country seat becomes an agglomeration of households and the family a sort of clan. A family of this kind, with literary traditions, and with the means to educate the young men, is constantly sending its scions into the public service. These in turn bring their earnings to swell the common funds, while the rank and dignity which they may earn add to the importance and standing of the group as a whole. The members of this class are usually termed the literati or gentry.

The peasant class forms the bulk of the population. The majority of Chinese are small landowners; their standard of living is very low in comparison with European standards. This is in part due to the system of land tenure. A parent cannot, even if he wished to do so, leave all his land to one son. There must be substantially an equal division, the will of the father notwithstanding. As early marriages and large families are the rule, this process of continual division and subdivision has brought things down to the irreducible minimum in many places. Small patches of one tenth or even one-twentieth of an acre are to be found as the estate of an individual landowner, and the vast majority of holdings run between” one and 3 acres (12,000 m²). With 3 acres (12,000 m²) “a family is deemed very comfortable, and the possession of 10 acres (40,000 m²) means luxury.

References

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This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

Virtual bank

Bill — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 05:58:02 +0000

Direct bank

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By eliminating the costs associated with bank branches, direct banks may offer higher interest rates and lower service charges on their products than their traditional competitors.

History

Traditional banking was impacted greatly by the commercialization of the Internet in the early 1990s. As the Internet became more generally accessible, traditional banks began to realize its potential to deliver services to their customers while reducing long-term operational costs. Upon realizing this, traditional banks began to offer limited services online.

The initial success of internet banking services provided by traditional banks led to the development of internet-only banks or “virtual banks”. These banks were designed without a traditional banking infrastructure, a cost-saving feature that allowed many of them to offer savings accounts with higher interest rates and loans with lower interest rates than most traditional banks.

The world’s first fully-functional direct bank was the Security First Network Bank (SFNB) which began operations on October 18, 1995. Based at Atlanta, Georgia, USA, it was the first direct bank to be insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). After three years of operation, it was acquired by the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC). Though SFNB did not make much profit in the initial years, it demonstrated that the concept of direct banking could work.

Europe’s first full-service direct bank was “First-e” launched by Enba, a Dublin-based company under the banking license of Banque d’Escompte, France. First launched in the UK in late September 1999, it garnered appreciable attention, resulting in more such ventures all over Europe. After about two years of operations, it shut down its operations during the dot-com bubble bust. Though Egg Bank, launched earlier in October 1998 by Prudential plc, was touted to be a direct bank, it was not a full-service direct bank initially.

Asia’s first direct bank was finatiQ – a division of the Bank of Singapore. It opened on April 3, 2000 (though the public launch was on April 18, 2000), heralding the arrival of virtual banking in Asia.

Noteworthy direct banks around the world

ING Direct, part of ING Group
UBank, part of National Australia Bank
Raboplus, part of Rabobank
HSBC Direct, part of HSBC
First Direct, part of HSBC

Mizkan

Bill — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 00:47:59 +0000

Mizkan

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Head Office (Handa, Aichi)

Mizkan (????, Mitsukan^?) is a Japanese company that produces vinegars (including seasoned rice vinegars, balsamic vinegars, and wine vinegars), mustards, jellies, salad dressings, authentic Asian sauces, and other food products. It is based in Handa, Aichi Prefecture, near Nagoya. It was officially registered as a corporate entity in July 1977.

Mizkan’s products are marketed in Asia, North America, and Europe. Its name was Mitsukan until 1998 or 2004, when the company officially changed its name to Mizkan.

In 2004 Nakano Foods became Mizkan Americas, and its parent company became Mizkan Group Corporation. Its corporate motto is “Bringing Flavor to Life”.

The company’s president is Matazaemon Kazuhide Nakano VIII.

References

^ History of Mizkan

External links

Mizkan official site
Mizkan Group official site
Timeline
Mizkan US official website

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André Buzin

Bill — Tue, 02 Mar 2010 21:52:53 +0000

ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-André_Buzin skin-monobook”>

André Buzin

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This biography of a living person does not cite any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (March 2009)

André Buzin (born 1946 in Dinant) is a Belgian artist who paints animals and flowers. He is known on the philatelic scene for the Birds series, a definitive stamp series of Belgium.

Buzin designed his first stamps for Zaire in 1984. In Africa, he also created some stamp series for Mauritania and Rwanda. Almost all depicted local animals, but he designs stamps for the 1984 Summer Olympics.

His major series have been issuing by Belgian Post. In 1984 he prepared some paintings figuring birds that were accepted by the postal authority. They became 1985 the first stamps of the Birds series, still in use more than twenty years later. Thank to this series he was awarded by about ten philatelic artistic prices in Belgium and the “Prix du Roi” in 1995.

Late 1990s he began designing stamps about flowers for booklets.

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